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- @
- Before Saussure,
- linguists studied
- the history of
- languages, trying
- to work out their
- family trees.
- Saussure said this
- was irrelevant to
- understanding how
- language works:
- the proper study
- of language is
- the system of
- connections of
- relationships
- between words
- which mean one
- speaker can
- understand another
- #
- Saussure used the
- analogy of a chess
- board: to play chess
- one need not know
- the history of the
- game, or what
- material the
- pieces are made of
- (interesting though
- this may be). All
- that matters is the
- many relationships
- between the pieces,
- and these relation-
- ships, like rules of
- language, are just
- conventions agreed
- by the players
- #
- Saussure identified
- three kind of signs:
- iconic represent-
- ations of the
- 'signified' (like a
- sketch of a letter
- to mean 'post
- office'); signs
- which have a causal connection
- with the signified
- (the smell of toast
- meaning 'breakfast
- is ready'), and
- purely arbitrary
- signs (like the
- sounds and
- scribbles of spoken
- and written
- language)
- #
- Structuralists are
- most interested in
- arbitrary systems
- of signs. There is
- nothing about a
- the redness of a
- red traffic light
- which means
- 'stop' - it is just
- a convention.
- Because of the
- convention, our
- actions have
- meaning. So when
- we jump a red
- light (break the
- convention), we
- are saying: 'my
- business is more
- important than
- your rules'
- @
- Saussure predicted
- a science devoted
- to the study of
- signs. Such a
- discipline has
- come about: it is
- called semiotics.
- It dissects or
- 'deconstructs'
- the encoded and
- invisible sign
- systems in
- (for example)
- advertising, art,
- literature, film,
- and architecture,
- always posing the
- question: how do
- we know what
- this thing means?
- #
- Anybody can kick
- a ball between
- two posts. Most
- of the time to do
- so would not be
- significant. But
- if a professional
- soccer player
- does it in the last
- minute of a cup
- final, the event
- acquires enormous
- significance for
- millions. Semiotics
- aims to show
- where the signi-
- ficance of events
- comes from
- #
- Roland Barthes carried Saussure's legacy into other academic
- disciplines, particularly literary criticism. In his popular writings he
- playfully and wittily unraveled the meaning of such cultural
- phenomena as striptease and Einstein's brain
- #
- The structuralist approach has proved most fruitful in the social
- sciences. Levi-Strauss applied Saussurean methods to the study of
- 'primitive' societies, showing how the rituals of society: marriage,
- mourning, eating, religion, celebration, can all be reduced to a system
- of conventions as readable and predictable as a traffic-light
- @
-